Equality and Diversity Essay Example for Free

Equality and Diversity Essay In this assignment I will demonstrate my understanding of equality and diversity as a key approach to policy and practice within my setting. I will make reference to current legislation such as equal pay act, disability discrimination act, sex discrimination act and equality act. Other areas of discriminatory practice I will discuss are language and terminology, stereotyping and attitudes in relation to children and young people. I will explore anti discriminatory practice and diversity that is within the everyday role of the early years practitioners. I will also explore an area of my practice using my understanding of equality and diversity through an audit of provision to develop practice and outline any issues. The audit I will carry out will specifically be aimed to support children with additional needs within my setting. I will look into staffing, the environment and the funding available. Following completion of the audit I will write a report identifying any concerns and making recommendations to enhance the experiences that children with additional needs will gain from the setting. I am going to demonstrate my understanding of equality and diversity and how it affects the policy and practice in my setting. I will make reference to current legislation to support my discussion. Legislation I will refer to includes: Equality Act 2010, Human Rights Act (1998), Employment Equality Act Regulations (2003), SEN and disability Act (2001/2), Race Relations Act (1976), Sex discrimination Act (1975) and the Warnock report (2005). I will discuss areas of discrimination in early years practice like, language and terminology, prejudice and stereotypical images and attitudes in relation to children and young people. I will also explore anti discriminatory practice and the diversity in early years settings. The legislation I am going to discuss has been incorporated into my setting by using the essential information in the policies and procedures. The policies and procedures are given to all employees upon recruitment so all staff are aware of the laws and regulations they have to work to. Richardson, R (2011) it is the requirement of the public sector equality duty that equalities is a due regard for schools. Schools are required to eliminate discrimination, advance equality of opportunity and encourage good  relations. The equality act is used in the equality and diversity policy in my setting. OFSTED also look for equality in the setting looking for the progress of spiritual, moral, social and cultural development in the development of the children attending the setting. It is also important that the setting do not discriminate against the nine protected characteristics that are outlined in the equality act 2010. It is important for all children accessing the setting to have access to the curriculum which is the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS). As a setting we ensured that all the children wishes, preferences and beliefs are taken into account as children learn more effectively when they feel safe and secure. The setting intervenes and provides additional support to those children who are not developing and progressing. The planning process also includes the support needed for any children with additional needs. Garside, R (2011). The sex discrimination act 1975 works to eliminate the discrimination against men and women and promote the equal opportunities for both men and women. This act is evident with the children in the setting as they all have equal opportunities in their unit, the same access to toys, activities the outdoor areas. We do not stop girls from playing with cars and boys playing with dolls, they require equal opportunities to develop the knowledge and skills they require in life. The SEN and disability act 2001/2 is an amendment of the education act 1996. The act is there to prevent discrimination against children with SEN or a disability in school and ensures them an education in mainstream school unless the parents request otherwise or it is incompatible with the education of the other children. This is seen in my setting as we are a nursery that accepts children with additional needs unless we feel that we cannot meet those children’s needs without unrealistic changes to the setting. The setting currently has children with Autism, global learning delay, speech and language disorders and chromosome 16 disorder as well as other children with undiagnosed additional needs. The Warnock report 2005 focuses on the future of education and inclusion into mainstream schools. The Warnock report changed the way that we see children with disabilities and encouraged inclusive education, however now inclusive education is favoured the SEN school system is become devalued despite the work they do for the children they care for. My setting is a inclusive setting for children with additional needs and we support the development of the  children and the preferences of the children. Within the early years education system discrimination can occur, it is an aim of my setting to prevent and reduce discrimination, they do this using the policies and procedures and regularly sending staff on training courses to gain knowledge of current legislation and procedures. Prejudice and stereotyping are often seen in education settings because of the high number of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds and the lack of understanding and knowledge that children and young people have. Stereotypes tend to originate from the media of what is seen as ‘cool’, the media also labels certain groups as not being as important as others and can cause children with disabilities isolating themselves from the rest of the group. Judgments can also cause discrimination as people can make poor judgements of people and discriminate against their good qualities just because they are in a wheelchair or have ADHD doesn’t mean they can’t play the same games as the other children they just may need more support than the others. In early years setting we use policies and procedures to outline the government legislation, we do not simply publish the legislation because of the way they are presented and the terminology they are written in. The policies and procedures are designed around the legislation in a way that are easily understandable for the staff and parents/carers using the setting. We make sure that the policies and procedures are accessible for all parents/ carers and staff. It is no longer acceptable to base an education programme on the stereotype of emotional behaviour being feminine, artistic and marginalised and rationale behaviour as masculine, logical and mainstream (Yelland, N 1998). It is important to give all children equal opportunities and allow boys and girls access to all resources and activities whether that be the girls playing with the cars and the boys playing with the dolls or both genders playing outside on the slides and bikes, this is all available in the work setting. Stereotyping can be offensive and cause biased thinking and actions, the tasks set in education programmes could favour groups depending on their culture and previous education (Frederickson, N and Cline, T 2009). As early years settings are examples of anti discriminatory practice and diversity through the early years foundation stage practitioners can provide a programme for the children that meets all their needs, wishes and preferences in learning and development. Stereotypes leading to discrimination through the exchanging of humorous stories can reinforce negative perceptions and group boundaries, this discrimination may be seen between the staff which will give them negative attitudes towards groups of children and parents. In my setting the staff work closely with the early years foundation stage and attend training courses which prevent this from happening. Often no cure is possible for disabilities. However, medically, disabilities were diagnosed, managed and treated. This was challenged by the children’s parents who said they were seen as medical cases rather than individual children. The social model focuses on the children as an individual and highlights social difficulties they may have as a result of their specific disability. The social model respects the needs, wishes and preferences of the individual child when it comes to medication and treatment. In early years there needs to be a good balance of the two models for children with SEN. Without the medical model we would have no knowledge of any causes of management systems that could be used with the children to help them develop and without the social model we would not be meeting the children’s individual needs. Through this essay I have demonstrated my understanding of equality and diversity and how it affects the policy and practice in my setting. I have made reference to current legislation to support my discussion. Legislation I have referred to includes Equality act (2010), Human rights act, Employment equality act, SEN and disability act, Race relations act, Sex discrimination act and the Warnock report. I have discussed areas of discrimination in the early years practice like language and terminology, stereotyping and anti discriminatory practice and the diversity in early years settings. I completed the audit after a meeting in the setting where I was informed of the parent wanting to start in the setting, a discussion was held about how we were unaware of the disorder and didn’t know anything about it. I chose to do the audit here because it was a great opportunity to highlight areas we needed to change or adapt to meet the needs of the child and his family. It was important for us to make the setting accessible for this child because Pugh, G (2010) says it was the focus of the children act (2006) for integration of all services for children with special educational needs (SEN), which supports the aim the best start for children. After the parent was shown around the setting and she told us she wanted her child to attend, a discussion was held between mum, the manager and the SENCO. It came from the discussion that mum wanted the child to start in the preschool unit as he would soon be 3, although his developmental age was much younger. As we did not want to go against mum’s wishes and preferences we made substantial changes to the preschool unit, with the support of the EYP and external agencies we made the preschool unit a suitable environment for the child. Mum was very nervous about leaving her child so the SENCO who was to be the child’s key person started home visits to see the child and talk the mother about his needs. The child then started a long transition into the setting lasting a month and a half. The changes made to the preschool unit incorporated the needs of the child well and after several weeks attending the setting he is getting on well, the SENCO is assessing him constantly t o make sure that he his developing and progressing well and has just took on board teaching herself makaton to communicate more effectively with the child. From doing this audit I have found that the staff in the setting work well to the standards set out in the policies and procedures. The extended transition period used with the child also helped the parent to come to terms with leaving her child with somebody else, this could be something  that could be incorporated throughout the setting and we could make the transition period more flexible for all children coming into the setting. I have also found that the setting not only works together as a team but with work with others like parents and external agencies to create a partnership to help the child. A set back that we came across was researching the disorder, as it is so rare and varies considerably between each sufferer it was hard to find much information, we had to go on the information that mum gave us to create a suitable environment and provide for the child to help him develop and progress, I would recommend regular assessments to identify the gaps in his development so t hat the setting can provide for these and he can progress ready for school. In this assignment I have demonstrated my understanding of equality and diversity as a key approach to policy and practice in my setting. I have made reference to current legislation that has been used to compose policies and procedures in my setting. I have discussed areas of discriminatory practice that relate to children and young people and I have explored the anti discriminatory practice and diversity within the everyday role of practitioners working in early years settings. I have explored an area of my practice using an audit of provision and my understanding of equality and diversity. This was done to develop practice in my setting for children with additional needs. I observed and evaluated the staffing, environment and available funding. Through a report I made recommendations of how the setting can develop practice to support the children attending with additional needs.

Various Ekg readings :: essays research papers fc

Lab essay # 5   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several different heart problems that show up as an abnormal EKG reading. For example, a heart block can occur when there is a delay in the signals coming from the SA node, AV node, or the Purkinje fibers. However, clinically the term heart block is used to refer to an AV block. This delays or completely stops communication between the atria and the ventricles. AV block is shown on the EKG as a delayed or prolonged PR interval. The P wave represents the activity in the atria, and the QRS complex represents ventricular activity. This is why the PR interval shows the signal delay from the AV node. There are three degrees of severity, and if the delay is greater than .2 seconds it is classified as first degree. Second degree is classified by several regularly spaced P waves before each QRS complex. Third degree can be shown by P waves that have no spacing relationship to the QRS complex. Another type of blockage is bundle branch block. This is caused by a b lockage in the bundle of His, creating a delay in the electrical signals traveling down the bundle branches to reach the ventricles. This results in a slowed heart beat, or brachycardia. On an EKG reading this is shown as a prolonged QRS complex. A normal QRS is about .8-.12 seconds, and anything longer is considered bundle branch block. Another type of abnormal EKG reading is atrial fibrillation, when the atria contracts very quickly. On the EKG this is shown by no clear P waves, only many small fibrillating waves, and no PR interval to measure. This results in a rapid and irregular heartbeat. On the other hand, ventricular fibrillation is much more serious and can cause sudden death if not treated by electrical defibrillation.

Arthur Miller, A View from the Bridge Essay

The relationships in ‘A View from the Bridge’ are very complex as because of people’s attitudes back then. There is secrecy, suspicion, love and concern. Eddie is weirdly attracted to Catherine and his relationship with his wife Beatrice deteriorates. The relationship between Eddie and Catherine is very close, although they are not immediate family Eddie has become a surrogate father and thinks of himself as her real father. He is very protective of his daughter and would probably die for her, but this first innocent love perverts into a weird incest like love for his niece. Eddie still treats her like she is five although she is going out into the big wide world, this shocks Eddie and it makes him closer to her and more possessive which turns ugly when Rodolfo is introduced. At the start of the play Eddie has a go at his daughter about what she is wearing, ‘Catherine I don’t want to be a pest†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.  Walkin’ wavy’. This shows he has genuine concern for his daughter similar to how modern fathers would react today; this is more of an example to show how much he loves her like a father rather than a lover. He also doesn’t want to let go for his ‘daughter’ and tries to shoot down any discussion of a job, ‘near the navy yard†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Longshoremen’ he is unreasonably disagreeing with any suggestions of a real job for Catherine which just amplifies his blatant love for her. Catherine and Beatrice’s relationship is very different to the relationship between Eddie & Catherine, Beatrice wants the best for Catherine and wants her to go get the job and wants her to leave, and she is more positive than Eddie and less caring for her. This could be that she was not as committed to the adoption of Catherine compared to Eddie, but also as she has had less to lose because Eddie has paid for her to go through school and to live, whereas Bea is probably getting a little sick of her hanging about. She is very supportive of Catherine’s independence ‘Well I don’t understand when it’s going †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. It’s an honour for her’. Catherine is also less fond of her and cares more for her uncle as he is the man of the family and provides for her and doesn’t feel for Bea as much because she had less of a role in bringing her up over the years. The relationship between Bea and Eddie starts of normal as the play starts innocent and all happy families but hen as the play progresses Bea starts to notice changes about how Eddie is acting towards her. As Eddie is spending more time chasing Catherine around he is spending less time with his wife and she becomes distraught and upset and also starts to understand why this is happening. Because of Bea realising his it explains why she is so keen for her to become independent and leave because it would be better for everyone if she did leave. ‘When am I going to be a wife again Eddie? ’ shows how upset she is becoming and Eddie doesn’t seem to care about her and tries to ignore the conversation and not provide her with a straight answer. The play basically steers the whole relationship systems so that Eddie and Bea come off worse while Eddie and Catherine gets better. It is obvious that Eddie starts to stop caring about Bea and more about Catherine; Catherine doesn’t seem to notice the weird attraction that Eddie has towards her and carries on like normal. And the more she is around the worse Eddie will get and the more attracted the will become. So Arthur miller presents the family as a normal generic happy family that during the course of the play deteriorates into a weird perverted relationship.

Essay Government Funding for the Arts

People have been arguing about whether government should fund the arts for a long, long time. Some consider it to be an important part of redistribution of wealth, pumping money into people capable of creating works of art but incapable of doing it in a manner that would support themselves and their vocational choice. Others consider it to be immoral and counter-productive: government doesn’t get money from thin air, it comes from tax-payers. And why should people who have no interest in arts in general or in a particular kind of arts finance people who are incapable of making themselves interesting enough to be supported voluntarily? In addition to using tax money in a way that doesn’t necessarily benefits tax-payers, such practice leads to the appearance of people who feed off the grants without providing anything in return. Is It Effective? But leaving moral viewpoint aside, let’s ask ourselves: is government funding for the arts even effective in any way? Let’s look at two different approaches to the problem. European countries traditionally do a lot of income redistribution, and they don’t leave out arts as well, pumping astounding sums of money into various grants every year, regulating their activity and supporting artists. The practice of governmental funding exists in the United States as well, but at a much smaller scale. However, the USA compensates for it the usual way – by means of private enterprise. Charitable tax deduction, while not funding the arts directly, provides great incentives for businesses and individuals to support non-profit organizations – the ones dealing with the arts included. Also, let’s not forget about another, age-old way of supporting arts: by voting for what is really good with your dollar. Yes, most of arts funding in the USA comes from private sectors: in the form of bought tickets and donations. And the amounts received this way are much higher than what European countries give their artists by means of taking tax money and giving it directly to the artists. Is It Stable? Another catch of government funding for the arts is that it is extremely precarious thing to base your arts career on. Practice shows that in times of economic crises arts spending becomes one of the first things government tries to save on. As a result, people, organizations and entire industries which are not used to funding for themselves face very grim prospects: aside from the government, nobody is really interested in them. So what are the main characteristics of governmental funding for the arts? It doesn’t actually help artists progress – what is the worth of art if nobody wants to support it voluntarily? It may disappear at any moment, once the country faces economic problems. It is simply less effective in generating financial support than private sector. Recent economic recession hit European arts especially hard, because they are mostly supported by the government, while American non-profit organizations mostly managed to survive it quite well. The reason is simple – when you redistribute income by force, people are much less eager to do charity on their own. This was an example of the essay on Government Funding for the Arts, written by the writers of our custom writing service. To buy an essay on the necessary topic, please, fill in the Free Inquiry form in the top right corner of this page.

Ethical Dilemmas Of A Social Worker - 892 Words

As a social worker many problems may arise because of the constant grey area of either letting your personal values interfere with your professional opinion. It is essential to provide your client with information and tools to help them succeed and overcome their problems. Following the core values is essential to being a resourceful, competent social worker. In some cases, core values are in conflict. In a situation where more than one core value is in conflict it is considered an ethical dilemma (Hick, 2009). It’s not guaranteed that a perfect solution will arise, therefore one of the core values is subsided because the other has more of an impact on the client. Ethical dilemmas can appear in various settings and with a variety of different clients. For instance, a 15-year-old boy, a regular client, who is dealing with depression comes in to an appointment with blurry eyes and a slurred speech. He confides in you that his is under the influence of ecstasy and crystal meth because his friends convinced him to try it. He’s worried that he will become addicted and is asking for your help with his drug abuse. You tell him about a program with other teens who have depression and substance abuse issues that is publicly funded. He agrees to enroll in the program but he doesn’t want his parents to know about it. Since your client is under 18, you are debating if you can allow him to give consent to enroll in the program without his parent’s permission (acssw.org). From theShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemmas Of Social Workers1158 Words   |  5 Pageswhich social workers can avoid ethical dilemmas. In regards to the Jones case I will explain five ethical dilemmas. I will explain what 3 core values could have benefitted the Jones family and I will give three strategies I will use to practice ethical behavior in my field of social work in the future. There are many ethical dilemmas in the Jones case. The first one I want to point out is the grandma giving Susan a quilt to show her appreciations. According to the NASW Code of Ethics, Social workersRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of A Social Worker Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesEthical dilemmas happen frequently in the social work and how one handles them could be the difference on how a clinician keeps their license or not. The problem is there is no way to prepare a person from knowing what situations will arise. Scenarios arise all the time and new ways to handle them is constantly changing. The ethical dilemma can happen anywhere and at any time with anyone, it could be a client, co-worker, and even supervisors. No social worker is safe from them. One however canRead MoreEthical Values in Social Work Essay example1381 Words   |  6 PagesSocial work values and ethical dilemmas What are values, ethics, ethical dilemmas and a code of ethics? 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(20 Points) Using Figure 11.1 (Page 416) in your UGP Text, List and Discuss how you would approach an Ethical Dilemma. (1-page, single space max). The Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) is designed to communicate the fundamental values, ethical principles, and ethical standards of the social work profession, regardless of the role in which the workers are functioning. These codes should always be consulted as guidelines when ethical issuesRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Child Abuse1419 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Ethical dilemmas, also known as a moral dilemmas, are situations in which there is a choice to be made between two options, neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable fashion† (Your Dictionary, 2001). The ethical dilemma I’m choosing is breach of client confidentiality in terms of child abuse. Dilemmas around child abuse arise when the principle of confidentiality is in conflict with other ethical principles. 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What Is Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essay - 1560 Words

What is HIV? Human immunodeficiency virus is known to be called HIV, and it is the virus that causes AIDS. HIV weakens a person s strength and ability to fight infections. White blood cells are an important part of the immune system. â€Å"HIV infects and destroys certain white blood cells called CD4+ cells. HIV attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which helps the immune system fight off infections† (Nordqvist). It is commonly contracted through many things but most importantly unprotected sex or needle sharing. An HIV test confirms diagnosis. Over a certain period of time, HIV can gradually abolish so many of these cells that the body can’t fight off infections and diseases. Without treatment, average survival time after infection of HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. A sophisticated research indicates that approximately â€Å"50,000 people including men and women in Unites States are diagnosed with HIV every year†. There are countless distinctive strains of the popular disease known to be HIV and therefore t is classified in two types. â€Å"Type 1 HIV is most common worldwide but controversy. HIV type 2 is found mostly in Africa, with some cases in India and Europe† (Nordqvist). With the proper level of treatment and care, many people with HIV are capable of living a long and active life. What are the Stages of HIV? The three stages of HIV infection are (1) acute HIV infection, (2) chronic HIV infection, and (3)Show MoreRelatedWhat is HIV/AIDS? Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that your body can’t get rid of.600 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is HIV/AIDS? Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that your body can’t get rid of. This virus sits in your body and attack your immune system and essential virus fighting cells. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the final stage of HIV infection. 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Oil and Gas Management Gases Production

Question: Discuss about the term for Oil and Gas Management for Gases Production? Answer: Introduction Wilson and VanBriesen (2012) opined that Oil and Gas management plays the potential approaches in terms of resolving the issues in oil and gases production. Safety and health management is one the most vital constituents of the oil and gas industries. For overcoming the problems related to the cash crunch on dividends and project, it is necessary to consult with the oil and gas management team. This research essay clearly illustrates the issues faced by the Big Oil during their manufacturing of oil and gasses. The research focuses on the cash crisis of sub- $50 per barrel on projects and dividends. It also illustrates the strategies that the Oil and Gas industries need to implement for overcoming the problems related to it. The research concentrates on the necessity of production maximizing policies. Finally, the research report focuses on the planning of oil companies for reducing the emission of carbon in the atmosphere. Cash Crunch of sub-$50/bbl Oil on projects and dividends Recently, the Oil and Gas companies over the world are facing many issues and struggling enough to earn real cash for covering their plans, spending, and dividends. For that reason, they use to put their maximum effort to spend billions of dollars from their available budget to overcome the situation of frequent changing in oil prices (Fuller 2013). In early 1998, the oil prices were going around $20 per barrel and at that time the existing oil companies seems to be successful (Wilson and VanBriesen 2012). Then, in the year 1999, the price of each barrel dropped down to $10 resulting in gaining economies of scale as well as developed some renowned companies like Royal Dutch Shell PLC, Exxon Mobil Corporation., BP PLC, and Chevron Corporation. During the three years from 2011 to 2014 June, the prices of the oil per barrel seemed to be $110 per barrel with low volatility (Keefer et al. 2015). The Exxon, Chevron, BP, and Shell were facing a slump in oil prices resulting in cash crunching of the oil barrels. From the year, 1998 different types of things have changed in the field of Oil and Gas management. The demand for these oil barrels was coming from the Eastern regions of the World, and due to this fact, the oil companies are developing and planning strategically to gain the economic stability of their businesses by preparing higher cost fields (Uddameri, Morse and Reible 2014). The cost cutting affects the ability of enterprises to increase and maintain the future production. Due to the growing impact of Oil industries in the United States, the oil companies of United States started producing nine million barrels per day. After taking all such initiatives by raising the price of each barrel to $90, still the oil companies of United States were unable to meet their targets. During the year 2015, the cost of oil extraction was quite high whereas the price per barrel of oil was only $50 (Wilson and VanBriesen 2012). For that reason, the leaders of oil industries are facing immense pres sure, and they are trying to focus on some strategic planning to overcome the problems (Ingraffea et al. 2014). After the completion of the whole research procedure, some fundamental strategic thinking has come forward which is very crucial to overcome the problem that the big oil was facing (Keefer et al. 2015). The strategic thinking that has been demonstrated in some public announcement of Big Oil to overcome the issue of cash crunch includes: Firstly, the seven major oil companies have taken a logical strategy to overcome the oil exploitation and to gain profits by using geological tools, equipments, and some latest technologies including fracturing (Fuller 2013). Secondly, they even set some goals for selling their pre-existing oil reserves to the customers. They also need to distribute the vast amount of cash to their shareholders before drying of their low cost oil fields (Pedroni et al. 2013). The strategy upon which the oil companies are focusing is usually self-liquidation (Kelland 2014). Thirdly, the management heads of Oil companies believes that the religious emotion is increasing the demand for oil and its prices. For that reason, only the oil management teams are trying to waste money for reserving the Oil and Gas to maximize the shareholders cash payouts. Fourthly, the oil administration team finally declined the strategy of an investment shift from an oil exploration to current energy technologies that is going to replace the fossil fuels. All these strategic thinking are present in the mind of the Oil and Gas management teams of Big Oil to overcome their current cash crunch issues (Yusuf et al. 2014). Abandon of Production maximizing policies The Oil and Gas companies need to focus strongly on the production maximizing strategies for their survival in this present competitive market. The research clearly reveals that if those Oil and Gas companies do not concentrate on the production maximizing systems, then their economic infrastructure will sure get affected. Possibly, they will not be able to earn the actual revenue for which they have already planned earlier (Gregory and Mohan 2015). There are several reasons for the dramatic decrease in the price of oil in the United States. The reasons for these consequences are less demand of oil barrels because of global economic dullness, and excess production of oils in the United States, which in turn increases the value of the dollar as compared to other currencies (Pedroni et al. 2014). All these questionable circumstances result in the collapsing of production maximizing business model of Big Oil. The Big Oil needs an active and urgent recovery in output maximizing business model, and hence, there is no question to abandon production-maximizing policies (Rodriguez and Soeder 2015). During the time of price declination, the oil manufacturers were continuously concentrating on pumping out of petroleum for gaining profit. The Big Oil was focusing on their business model, which was dealing with ever-increasing demand for the oil though it was costly to refine and manufacture (Rahm and Riha 2014). Companies like Exxon (largest US oil firm) and Chevron (second most major oil company) have made a significant profit in the current years. Suddenly, with the less demand and excessive production of oil led to the dramatically dysfunction of that production maximizing policies. The production maximizing policies were first adopted in the year 2005 when the Big Oil was facing a critical situation (Shin et al. 2013). Many oil companies were shifted to some dry regions, which allow the experts to predict a probable increase in global oil production (Hladik, Focazio and Engle 2014). During that time, the experts were also focusing on the climatic change, which in turn threaten the future of the Big Oil companies. These issues even created pressure on the leading oil companies and forced them to invest their money in some alternative sources of energy (Aramayo et al. 2013). The research reveals that at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, the Big Oil has taken a strategic approach based on the latest production maximization, and the name of the procedure was called as drill-baby-drill (Pedroni et al. 2013). This production-maximizing policy was comprised of latest technologies for extracting oil and involved appropriate investments (Thurner and Proskuryakova 2014). In the recent years, this system made a remarkable change in the production maximizing policy, which in turn brought difficult to reach oil reservoirs on an online basis (Pedroni et al. 2013). According to the research, OReilly with his colleagues had proposed a production-maximizing strategy, which was comprised of two key assumptions including the following: (1) as time passes by, the demand for oil will gradually increase by a large speed. (2) Due to this increasing demand for oil, the price of the oil will also need to rise for balancing the costly investments in oil e xtraction (Shuen, Feiler and Teece 2014). However, presently, those assumptions seems to be false and for that reason, the Big Oil companies need an employ strong management teams for taking the initiative to plan for production-maximizing policies (Shin et al. 2013). This, in turn, will meet the demands of the oil companies by increasing the profit and revenues (Davies et al. 2014).Planning by oil companies for low carbon global world (Wilson and VanBriesen 2012). According to the research, it is evident that the Oil and Gas companies of the world need to focus on their responsibilities and particular challenges for improving the access to energy and for meeting the future demand for energy during the addressing of climatic risks and management of environmental impacts (Haluszczak, Rose and Kump 2013). After the excessive investment for the alternative sources of energy, much energy forecast anticipates that fossil fuels are going fulfill 50% of the demand for global energy within the year, 2040. Some potential is there for reducing the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) by using the natural gas instead of using coal. When the natural gas is burnt, it liberates around half of the carbon dioxide per unit as compared to coal (Hickenbottom et al. 2013). The oil industries require concentrating not only on commercial, financial, and technological risks but also on the climatic hazards (Wilson and VanBriesen 2012). This, in turn, is going to give an innovative opportunity for the oil industries for meeting the needs of carbon efficiency and sustainability. The Oil and Gas companies have the chance to invest in renewable energy by installing wind farm, which is surely going to reduce the carbon gas emissions (Rahm et al. 2013). Another strategic measure that the Big Oil needs to implement for reducing the carbon emission is to introduce the global carbon price. The global carbon price technique plays a crucial role in encouraging the technological options related to little global carbon world. Statoil has a carbon price of $50/tonne, which plays a significant role in reducing their carbon emissions by half as compared with the other oil companies (Murray 2013). Many Oil and Gas companies are investing in the carbon storage and capture technique. The carbon capture and storage technique can prevent CO2 generation up to 75-90% (Pedroni et al. 2013). From the research and analysis, it is evident that the Carbon capture and storage method became commercially viable and became an important part in the sustainable development of the environment. Planning by oil companies to reduce carbon dioxide emission The four ways by which the emission of carbon can be reduced includes the next strategic planning: The efficiency of Energy: By using the fuel-efficient vehicles while traveling, by improving the building insulations, and by using the electrical devices can reduce the amount of CO2 emission in the atmosphere (Shin et al. 2013). Conservation of Energy: If the personal use of energy can be reduced by turning off the electrical appliances then the demand for electricity can also be reduced (Wilson and VanBriesen 2012). The less use of vehicles for short distance travel can lessen the assumption of petroleum. All the two steps help to reduce the excessive emissions of CO2 in the atmosphere (Curran, Wolff and Stahl 2013). Fuel Shifting: The production of the huge amount of energy from the renewable sources of energy such as solar power, geothermal energy, wind energy, hydropower, biomass energy and by using the fuels having lower carbon percentage can reduce the emission of carbon into th e atmosphere (Pedroni et al. 2013). Sequestration and capture of carbon: The capturing and sequestration of carbon dioxide are the two technologies that lessen the emission of CO2 from the existing and current coal and gas (Russo 2015). Conclusion After the overall analysis of the research, it can be concluded that the management of the Oil and Gas industries are very much essential for overcoming the problems related to the production and extraction of oil and gasses. The Oil and Gas companies were facing many pitfalls to earn sufficient cash for covering the spending, dividends, and projects. 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